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学业自我概念(academic self-concept),指个体对自身学习能力的一种看法和评价[1].大量研究表明,学生的学业自我概念对其学业成绩[2]、学习兴趣[3]、社会适应[4]等因素具有显著的预测作用,但有关学业自我概念内在心理机制的研究较为缺乏[5].加强学生学业自我概念的影响因素研究,对促进青少年的学业发展和心理健康具有重要意义[6].本研究旨在探讨学业自我概念的影响因素及其内在机制,为中学生形成积极的学业自我概念提供科学依据,促进其学业发展.
学生的学业发展状况可以通过其学业成绩和学业自我概念来反映.学业成绩是学生学业发展状况的外在表现,而学业自我概念则是对学业能力的内在评价,是学业发展的内在评价指标[7].现有研究较多考察心理素质对学业成绩这一外在指标的预测作用[8],较少探讨心理素质与学业自我概念这一内在评价指标的关系.心理素质是一个多因素构成的动态发展的自组织系统,包含智力因素、认知因素等因素[9].已有研究表明智商、认知因素对学业自我概念有显著的影响[10-12],个体的认知水平越高,其学业自我概念越高[13].另一方面,心理素质作为相对稳定的综合性品质,会对学生的学业发展产生影响[8],学业自我概念作为学生学业发展的内在指标,也会受到心理素质的影响.据此,我们推测心理素质能预测青少年的学业自我概念.
心理素质是如何影响学生的学业自我概念呢?自我决定理论(self-determination theory,SDT)[14-15]认为人是积极的有机体,强调基本的心理需求的满足是个体健康发展的关键.自尊作为个体行为的动力性成分和基本的心理需求[16],被认为是重要的中介变量[17].心理素质和心理健康的关系模型认为心理素质是“本”,而心理健康为“标”,心理素质对个体的心理健康发展起决定作用[18].自尊作为心理健康的核心指标之一[19],心理素质可以正向预测个体的自尊[20].从另一方面来看,自尊具有重要的适应价值,可增强自我的调试能力,提高学生的学业成就[21-22].大量研究表明[23-25],自尊与学业自我概念密切相关.自尊对学生的学业自我概念具有稳定的预测作用,个体的自尊越高,其学业自我概念水平也越高[26-27].据此,我们推测心理素质可以通过自尊这一动力性因素对个体的学业自我概念产生影响.
有关研究发现中学生的自尊和学业自我概念均表现出性别差异.青少年的自尊存在显著的性别差异,男生的自尊水平要显著高于女生[28];不同性别的青少年在学业自我概念也存在显著差异,男生的学业自我概念显著高于女生[29].由此推断,不同性别的自尊对学业自我概念的预测可能存在差异,据此,我们假设性别会调节自尊与学业自我概念的关系.
综上所述,本研究以中学生为调查对象,探索心理素质、自尊与学业自我概念之间的关系,这不仅有利于了解和探索心理素质的功能作用,深化对心理素质作用机制的研究,还可以为进一步提升学生的学业发展水平提供科学依据.本研究假设:①心理素质可以正向预测学业自我概念;②自尊在心理素质和学业自我概念的关系中起中介作用;③性别调节了自尊在心理素质与学业自我概念之间的中介效应.
The Relationship Between Psychological Suzhi and the Academic Self-Concept of Middle School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model
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摘要: 为探讨心理素质与学业自我概念之间的关系,以及自尊在心理素质与学业自我概念之间的中介作用及性别的调节作用,采用中学生心理素质问卷(简化版)、Rosenberg自尊量表和一般学业自我概念量表对1 166名中学生(平均年龄(15.06±2.22)岁)进行了调查,结果发现:①中学生心理素质、自尊与学业自我概念均呈显著正相关. ②自尊在心理素质与学业自我概念之间起部分中介作用. ③性别调节了自尊在心理素质与学业自我概念之间的中介效应.认为:心理素质对学业自我概念的影响是有调节的中介效应.Abstract: In order to explore the relationship of psychological suzhi and its dimensions with self-esteem and academic self-concept, and the role of self-esteem in psychological suzhi and academic self-concept, 1 166 middle school students (15.06±2.22 years old on average) were investigated with the psychological quality questionnaire (simplified version), the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the general academic self-concept scale. The results were as follows. There was a significant positive correlation between the psychological suzhi, self-esteem and academic self-concept of middle school students. Self-esteem played a partly mediating role between psychological suzhi and academic self-concept. Gender moderated the mediating effect of self-esteem between psychological suzhi and academic self-concept.
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Key words:
- psychological suzhi /
- self-esteem /
- academic self-concept /
- gender .
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表 1 各变量间的相关分析
M SD 1 2 3 1.心理素质 3.46 0.68 - 2.自尊 2.75 0.89 0.44** - 3.学业自我概念 3.80 1.04 0.47** 0.54** - 注:N=1 166,** p<0.01. 表 2 有调节的中介效应分析
预测变量 方程1(因变量:学业自我概念) 方程2(因变量:自尊) 方程3(因变量:学业自我概念) β t 95% CI β t 95% CI β t 95% CI 心理素质 0.73 13.50*** [0.63,0.84] 0.42 12.86*** [0.35,0.48] 0.44 8.47*** [0.34,0.55] 性别 0.10 2.19* [0.01,0.19] - - - 0.11 2.75** [0.03,0.19] 心理素质×性别 0.10 0.91 [-0.11,0.31] - - - - - - 自尊 0.69 12.71*** [0.58,0.80] 自尊×性别 0.20 2.24* [0.02,0.38] R2 0.21 0.19 0.59 F 65.26*** 165.28*** 146.22*** 注:N=1 141,Bootstrap=5 000,Bootstrap 95%置信区间不包含0,说明作用系数显著. * p<0.05;** p<0.01;*** p<0.001. -
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