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20世纪50年代初,美国出现师资匮乏的状况,学校首次引进影子教师为学生提供教育服务,影子教师应运而生。随着特殊教育的不断发展,教育者发现在特殊教育实践过程中,一些特殊儿童的障碍程度较重,个体的异质性较大,可能在课堂中出现各种突发状况,从而扰乱课堂秩序,而授课教师的时间和精力有限,很难兼顾全面,也难以满足所有学生的个别化需求,由此导致整个班级的教育教学质量受到影响。为缓解这一问题,影子教师作为支持者被引入特殊教育场域,并扮演了重要角色。相关数据显示,2011年,美国特殊教育影子教师的数量已经超过45万人[1]。影子教师自诞生以来,经过数十年的发展,不仅在数量上、规模上大幅度提升,其角色也从开始的单一走向如今的多元。
影子教师又称教育辅助人员、陪读教师、辅助教师等,在我国台湾地区也被称为教师助理员。在《特殊教育辞典》中,对于“影子教师”的定义为:经过训练的一种专业人员,可以包括家长,在特殊教育领域充当课堂助手的角色,以援助教师进行课堂教学[2]62。另有研究者指出,影子教师是指协助身心障碍学生学习及生活的人员[3]。不同地区对于影子教师的称谓不同,但无论其称谓如何变化,影子教师已经成为为特殊儿童提供支持保障的关键角色。美国学者费舍尔(Fisher)指出,影子教师是K-12教育体制下特殊需要学生的主要支持来源,特殊需要学生的成功在许多方面取决于影子教师的支持[4]。概括来说,影子教师是具有一定特殊教育知识和技能的,在学校里配合授课教师的教学与管理、辅助特殊儿童的学习与生活、帮助并促进特殊儿童适应学校教育的主体。
已有相关研究表明,影子教师的介入对于促进特殊教育的发展起着重要作用。本研究旨在对当前国外影子教师的角色定位进行梳理,把握影子教师的发展脉络,归纳其目前面临的发展困境,丰富该领域的理论,为我国特殊教育、融合教育师资的培养和发展及相关研究提供参考与借鉴。
Role Orientation and Improving Measures of Paraeducators in Special Education: Experience of International Special Education Reform
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摘要: 影子教师已逐渐成为国外特殊教育支持保障体系的重要组成部分, 其职责主要在于协助特殊教育教师或普通教育教师为特殊儿童提供相应的支持服务。通过文献分析归纳得知, 国外特殊教育影子教师主要承担融合课堂教育教学的辅助者和特殊儿童课后学习的助力者、情绪行为问题的矫正者、日常生活的照料者及学校场域内外的衔接者等多种角色。虽然已有一定的发展历史, 但国外影子教师依然存在定位模糊、分工混淆、教师专业发展受限、协同合作流于形式等问题。有鉴于此, 研究者从岗位设置、规章制度、终身发展以及协作机制等四个层面提出影子教师发展建议, 以期为我国本土化特殊教育影子教师的培养与发展提供参考和借鉴。Abstract: At present, paraeducators have gradually become an important part of foreign special education support system to assist special or general education teachers to provide corresponding support services for children with special needs. Through literature analysis and induction, it can be seen that paraeducators in foreign countries are mainly responsible for integrating education and teaching in class, providing supplemental education for special children after school, correcting emotional and behavioral problems, attending to students' daily life, and communicating within and outside the classroom. Foreign paraeducators still suffer from ambiguous positioning, conflict and division of labor, limited professional development and insufficient real cooperation. Relevant departments have also put forward corresponding measures to address these problems. In view of this, this paper offers suggestions on the development of paraeducators from four aspects: post setting, policy system, life-long development and the cooperation mechanism. It is expected to provide some reference for the development of Chinese localized paraeducators.
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Key words:
- accompanying teacher /
- auxiliary teacher /
- exceptional children /
- special education /
- integrated education /
- role orientation .
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