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农民生计问题涉及众多学科,受到各国政府、学者和社会公众等的持续关注. 农村贫困是多数发展中国家正面临的棘手问题,城乡差距不断拉大[1]. 乡村旅游对减贫效果显著[2],发展乡村民宿逐渐成为促进农户生计可持续性转型的重要影响因素[3],是改善农民生活和乡村振兴战略顺利实施的重要途径,受到国家的高度关注. 2018年9月,中共中央、国务院在“乡村振兴战略规划(2018-2022年)”中提出“合理利用村庄特色资源,发展乡村旅游和特色产业,形成特色资源保护与村庄发展的良性互促机制”;2019年的中央一号文件(中发〔2019〕1号)要求“发展适应城乡居民需要的休闲旅游、餐饮民宿、文化体验、健康养生、养老服务等产业”. 同时,各地政府相继发布文件促进农户生计改善,重庆市人民政府办公厅“关于加快乡村旅游发展的意见”中指出,要坚持依靠“三农”,为“三农”培育具有地方特色的乡村旅游产品;浙江省多地对乡村民宿实施扶持奖励政策,助推乡村振兴. 目前,尽管我国所有的贫困县都已经全部实现脱贫摘帽,进入到全面实施乡村振兴的阶段,但仍存在诸多返贫风险,需要从“输血”转向“造血”,实现农户生计可持续性发展.
乡村旅游是我国社会主义新农村建设的绿色实践模式之一[4],在全国旅游中的占比从2010年的不到20%增加到2015年的55%[5],乡村民宿旅游则是生计多样化和增加收入的有效方法[6-7]. 近年来,关于乡村旅游对农户生计影响的研究成果较为丰富,这些研究选择发展中国家、欠发达地区或者较为贫困的农村为研究区域[8-9],主要采用参与式农村评估法[10]、问卷调查法[11]、logistic模型回归[12]、描述性统计分析法[13]等开展研究,研究内容多集中于如下3个方面:①乡村旅游对农户生计资本与生计转型的影响. 生计资本是构成生计结构的基础要素[14],乡村旅游作为一种新的生计,带动了农户生计资本的多样化及农户生计的现代化,如现代化的住房和现代化的生活方式[15]. 多数学者采用英国国际发展署提出的可持续性生计分析框架构建农户生计评价体系,量化分析农户生计资本[16];部分学者对传统的可持续性生计分析框架进行改造,以提高可持续性生计框架与旅游的结合度[17]. ②乡村旅游生计的多重效应. 发展乡村旅游,通过产业转型影响农户的生计结果,当农户生计策略向旅游型生计转型后可较大程度地增加农户家庭收入,促进生计的可持续性[18-19],农民对生活的满意程度也会提高[20]. 乡村旅游生计有正面效应也有负面效应,后者如土地撂荒[21]、邻里关系恶化和贫富差距拉大等[12],而且旅游型生计也会面临季节性和市场有限等新威胁[22]. ③乡村旅游地的农户生计脆弱性. 由于乡村旅游被作为乡村脱贫的重要途径,众多研究主要以生态环境脆弱地区[23]、异地移民搬迁地[24]等为研究区域,重点关注乡村旅游与农户生计脆弱性关系,认为对乡村旅游依赖性越强,农户生计就越具有脆弱性[25],因此,农户生计不应过度依赖单一生计方式.
综上可见,农户生计研究的视角丰富,但这些研究多从整体上探讨乡村旅游发展对农户生计的影响,关于乡村民宿对农户生计资本影响的研究有待深化和细化. 基于此,本文在借鉴已有研究的基础上,应用可持续性生计分析框架,构建基于乡村民宿的农户生计资本评价指标体系,对重庆市6个典型民宿村发展乡村民宿前后的农户生计资本变化特征及其影响因素进行分析,以期为探寻基于乡村民宿产业实现可持续性的生计策略选择提供参考.
Impact of the Development of Rural Bed-and- Breakfast Business on the Changes of Farmers' Livelihood Capital: A Perspective of Rural Revitalization
- Received Date: 11/05/2020
- Available Online: 20/07/2021
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Key words:
- rural revitalization /
- rural Bed-and-Breakfast /
- livelihood capital /
- Chongqing City
Abstract: 2020 is the final year of China's struggle against poverty and the first year for the full implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The sustainable development of farmers' livelihood is the embodiment of a "prosperious rural industry" and the guarantee of a "well-off life" for the local people. As a new way for rural development, bed-and-breakfast (B&B) business is an important model for the sustainable development of rural households in remote and backward mountainous and hilly areas. Using the analysis framework of rural sustainable livelihood, this paper develops an evaluation index system of livelihood capital of rural households based on rural bed-and-breakfast. It analyzes the change of household's livelihood capital before and after the development of rural bed-and-breakfast in six typical villages in Chongqing, and analyzes the factors affecting the household's livelihood capital. The results show that the subsistence capital of the farmer households has increased obviously, but the total amount is not great enough, and there is still large room for improvement; that the survival strategy of the households has changed from making a living by migrant work to running B&B business of their own, and their living standard has improved significantly; and that with the development of rural B&B, the amount of household labor, housing structure, access to external support and the improvement of infrastructure have a significant positive impact on the household's livelihood capital, among them, the improvement of housing structure has the most obvious impact on the increase of livelihood capital.