Tools for Measuring School-bullying: A Multi-perspective Analysis and Selection
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摘要: 中小学校园欺凌是一个严重的公共卫生问题,准确测量和识别校园欺凌行为对干预方案的设计至关重要。基于对校园欺凌测量工具从欺凌的标准、类型、角色、测量方法和测量有效性的多视角分析,总结了适用于测量中小学生欺凌行为的部分量表,并对量表内容进行分析。选用量表时须考虑测量目的、测量对象、测量工具的概念界定、理论基础和信效度,并通过效度筛选题项和事后控制技术提升自评量表的效度。当测量工具用于识别不同的欺凌角色时,需选择合适的临界值作为判断标准。Abstract: School bullying in the primary and middle schools is a serious public health problem. It is critical for the accurate measurement and identification of school bullying to design prevention and intervention programs. This article analyzes the bullying measurement tools from the bullyingstandard, bullyingtype, bullyingrole, method and validityof measurement, and summarize the choice and use of tools of school bullying. As a result, school bullying researchers and intervention practitioners may choose appropriate tools suggested in this article. Furthermore, we provide some suggestions about the development of indigenous measurement tools.
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图 1 测量工具选择流程图[5]
表 1 校园欺凌测量工具
量表名 欺凌类型及题量 A1.反应性-主动性攻击问卷(Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire, RPAQ)[7] 评估欺凌,反应性攻击11题,主动性攻击12题,涉及身体、语言、财物欺凌 B1.儿童-青少年嘲弄量表(Child-Adolescent Teasing Scale)[33] 评估人格和行为嘲弄14题、家庭和环境嘲弄7题、学校相关嘲弄9题、身体嘲弄2题 C1.奥维斯欺凌/受害问卷(修订)(Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire)[13] 评估欺凌行为和受害经历,包括语言、身体、间接欺凌,发生地点和他人反应,36题 C2.美国大学妇女协会性骚扰量表(AAUW Sexual Harassment Survey)[36] 评估语言/非身体或身体性骚扰的频次,同时作为欺凌者和受害者,2个分量表,各14题。并测量了欺凌者的多少、受害地点、伴随的情绪(受害者分量表);欺凌的对象、原因(欺凌者分量表) C3.伊利诺伊欺凌量表(Illinois Bully Scale)[24] 评估欺凌行为9题、打架5题和被同伴欺凌4题的频次,涉及语言、身体和关系欺凌 C4.雷诺兹欺凌侵害量表(Reynolds' Bully Victimization Scale)[37] 评估欺凌和受害的频次,也可鉴别欺凌/受害者,46题。涉及身体、语言、公开和关系欺凌 C5.欺凌类型量表(Forms of Bullying Scale)[38] 评估欺凌者和受害者,2个分量表20题,包括语言、威胁、身体、关系和社会欺凌(包括面对面和网络欺凌两种形式) C6.希腊网络欺凌/受害经历问卷(the Greek cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire)(CBVEQ-G)[23] 两个分量表,每个分量表12题,评估直接和间接欺凌/受害。对于自评卷入了欺凌/受害事件的个体,另外分别有6题进行进一步角色的确认 C7.加利福利亚欺凌侵害量表(California Bully Victimization Scale)[29] 评估欺凌和受害经历,涉及语言、谣言、社会、身体、威胁、网络、财产欺凌和性欺凌8种欺凌,其中性欺凌只用于中学生。还有1题测力量的不平衡,1题作为效度题,共19题 D1.斯维尔欺凌问卷(Swearer Bully Survey)[39] 评估作为欺凌者、受害者、旁观者的经历和对欺凌的态度,4个部分,每个部分11题(语言欺凌7题,身体欺凌4题) D2.学生学校问卷(Student School Survey)[40] 评估欺凌施害4题,欺凌受害4题,欺凌旁观行为8题,社会凝聚力和信任7题,学校风气9题,欺凌在学校被知觉为问题6题,被知觉的同伴支持6题,自尊8题,发生欺凌时大部分学生和教职员工会制止的情况9题。涉及身体、语言、公开、社会等欺凌类型 D3*.学校欺凌风气量表(School Climate Bullying Survey)[35] 评估欺凌者、欺凌受害者和目击者。在身体、语言、财产、社会和网络欺凌方面,性骚扰指数,以及欺凌态度、地点、被欺凌告诉谁、学校气氛等,3-5年级27题,6-12年级88题 注:欺凌行为角色:A-欺凌者,B-欺凌受害者,C-欺凌者/受害者,D-多个角色。*表示包含同伴评估和自我报告评估,其余均为自我报告量表 -
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